A smaller distance generally indicates a stronger relation. Distance-based maps are maps in which the distance between two items reflects the strength of the relation between the items. Footnote 1 We refer to these types of maps as distance-based maps and graph-based maps. Two types of maps can be distinguished that are commonly used in bibliometric research. Finally, to demonstrate VOSviewer’s ability to handle large maps, we use the program to construct and display a co-citation map of 5,000 major scientific journals. We also elaborate on the technical implementation of specific parts of the program.
We then provide an overview of VOSviewer’s functionality for displaying bibliometric maps. In the remainder of this paper, we first discuss for what type of bibliometric maps VOSviewer is intended to be used. VOSviewer runs on a large number of hardware and operating system platforms and can be started directly from the internet. Hence, the program can be employed not only for displaying maps constructed using the VOS mapping technique but also for displaying maps constructed using techniques such as multidimensional scaling. VOSviewer can display maps constructed using any suitable mapping technique. For earlier studies in which the VOS mapping technique was used, we refer to Van Eck and Waltman ( 2007b) and Van Eck et al. To construct a map, VOSviewer uses the VOS mapping technique (Van Eck and Waltman 2007a), where VOS stands for visualization of similarities. Most computer programs that are used for bibliometric mapping do not display such maps in a satisfactory way. The viewing capabilities of VOSviewer are especially useful for maps containing at least a moderately large number of items (e.g., at least 100 items). It has functionality for zooming, scrolling, and searching, which facilitates the detailed examination of a map. VOSviewer can display a map in various different ways, each emphasizing a different aspect of the map.
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The program offers a viewer that allows bibliometric maps to be examined in full detail. The program is freely available to the bibliometric research community (see VOSviewer can for example be used to construct maps of authors or journals based on co-citation data or to construct maps of keywords based on co-occurrence data. VOSviewer is a program that we have developed for constructing and viewing bibliometric maps. The computer program that we introduce is called VOSviewer. This program pays special attention to the graphical representation of bibliometric maps. In this paper, we therefore introduce a new computer program for bibliometric mapping. This kind of functionality is not incorporated into the computer programs that are commonly used by bibliometric researchers. The graphical representation of large bibliometric maps can be much enhanced by means of, for example, zoom functionality, special labeling algorithms, and density metaphors. 2006, in press), and for such maps simple graphical representations are inadequate. 2005 Klavans and Boyack 2006b Leydesdorff 2004 Van Eck et al. However, there seems to be a trend towards larger maps (e.g., Boyack et al. For small maps containing no more than, say, 100 items, simple graphical representations typically yield satisfactory results. Although some researchers seriously study issues concerning graphical representation (e.g., Chen 2003, 2006 Skupin 2004), most papers published in the bibliometric literature rely on simple graphical representations provided by computer programs such as SPSS and Pajek. The graphical representation of bibliometric maps receives considerably less attention. 2003 Klavans and Boyack 2006a Van Eck and Waltman 2009), and they experiment with different mapping techniques (e.g., Boyack et al. Researchers for example study the effect of different similarity measures (e.g., Ahlgren et al. In the bibliometric literature, most attention is paid to the construction of bibliometric maps. Two aspects of bibliometric mapping that can be distinguished are the construction of bibliometric maps and the graphical representation of such maps.
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